But are we looking at the right metric of diversity. This chapter includes taxonomy of the indices based upon the information they used and the output they offer. The expansion of the human environmental footprint over the past 100 years has been accompanied by dramatic declines in components of the earths biodiversity. Functional diversity is a politically and socially correct term for special needs, disability, impairment and handicap, which began to be used in spain in scientific writing. Contrasting responses of functional diversity to major. This causes uncertainty in ecological interpretations and limits the potential to generalize findings across studies or compare patterns across scales. Going after the functional values that delimit those differences is a key frontier. Costeffective conservation of amphibian ecology and. Its simple, interpretable, and behaves well under most statistical scenarios. Functional diversity exhibits a diverse relationship with. Functional diversity may be summarized using indices based on trait values and species importance in the community, like abundance, cover and biomass. Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem. Mar 20, 2018 the wide variety of functional trait combinations among the worlds coral faunas can be represented by just a few dimensions of variation.
Research on functional diversity in ecology has increased from a few dozen publications per year in the 1980 s to thousands of publications in recent years. This habitat harbours the worlds most speciesrich stream tadpole communities which are due to their occurrence in primary habitat of particular interest for functional diversity studies. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms influencing patterns in trait diversity or functional diversity, including human disturbance, is increasingly needed in. Biodiversity and metacommunity structure of animals along altitudinal gradients in tropical montane forests volume 32 issue 5 michael r. The functional diversity measure with the lowest aic was abundance weighted functional evenness.
Assessing the spatial variation of functional diversity. Functional diversity of am fungi a role for biological stoichiometry. The first book to present the rationale for a traitbased approach to functional diversity in the context of comparative plant ecology. The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. A lot of the functional variation came from whether something was a predator or an herbivore. Request pdf petchey ol, gaston kj functional diversity. Biodiversity is a key measure of the health of any ecosystem, and of our entire planet. Mr increased with functional diversity and average taxonomic distinctness, reflecting the ecological and taxonomic character of otolith morphology. Phylogenetic and functional diversity in large carnivore.
We compared functional diversity of aquatic insect communities along a gradient of agricultural intensification. Frontiers nutrient addition and drought interact to. Choosing and using multiple traits in functional diversity research volume 42 issue 2 jonathan s. Functional diversity is a relatively nuanced way of comparing organisms based on their ecological differences, but its not a. Among the potential indicators of biodiversity, those based on the functional traits of species and communities are interesting because they can be generalized to similar habitats and can be assessed by relatively rapid field. Reorganization of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic.
Zooplankton community biomass was calculated as the summed biomass of all taxa per litre of sampled pond water. Integrating functional diversity across scales carlos 3 p. Community functioning may be affected by functional diversity, which measures the extent of complementarity in resource use. The worlds richest tadpole communities show functional. Testing otolith morphology for measuring marine fish biodiversity v. Lines show the change in functional diversity caused by sequential addition left to right or removal right to left of species tofrom communities. Functional diversity presented a significant relationship with the decomposition rate in another vegetation type and when another index was used raos quadratic entropy q. Biological diversity can be quantified in ways that account for functional and phenotypic differences. Using amphibians as a conservation target, we designed an innovative assessment strategy, showing that prioritization models focused on functional, phylogenetic, and taxonomic diversity can include costeffectivenessbased. A new method based on neural network, selforganizing feature map sofm index, was put forward and described. Rigorous and widely applicable indicators of biodiversity are needed to monitor the responses of ecosystems to global change and design effective conservation schemes. If using dendrogram, we need change it into a distance matrix first copheneticndro which may will lose information. Functional diversity can therefore be thought as providing a novel vantage point of biodiversity, apprehending the diversity of.
Functional diversity is defined as the values or range of values for existing functional traits in a community capable of affecting ecosystem functioning, such as primary. For example, plant and animal species need each other for food, and depend on. Thus, major changes in functional diversity can have farreaching macroecological and macroevolutionary implications for example, refs. The greater the diversity of an ecosystem, the more likely it will survive disturbances. Functional diversity in plant communities is a key driver of ecosystem processes.
Schererlorenzen, 2008, but we did not find it when using fd. Sep 26, 2016 functional diversity, the extent of functional differences among species in a community, drives biodiversityecosystem function bef relationships. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms influencing patterns in trait diversity or functional diversity, including human disturbance, is increasingly needed in face of rapid global changes 16,17. The top down effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton abundance was estimated as the relationship between zooplankton diversity and chlorophyll a. Amphibio, a global database for amphibian ecological traits. Ecological investigations are increasingly using functional diversity in order to understand different patterns, such as species occurrence, species competitive abilities, and the influence of biological communities on ecosystem functioning. This differs from social diversity, which in accordance with the similarity attraction paradigm, is the idea that individuals who are more similar together are able to. Aug 28, 20 people are also nowadays looking forward for cheap products. Most tests of how well multivariate functional diversity is linked to ecosystem functioning figure 1c,d have been conducted in smallscale, highly controlled plant communities. For fd, we need to decide to use the dendrogram or the raw distance matrix as input. For functional gamma diversity b and c, vertical back lines are observed functional diversity, and distributions are the density of functional diversity derived from null model n 0 randomizations of the same species richness as observed communities. We conducted a twoway analysis of variance anova without replication to detect variation between the functional diversity indices and their linkage methods.
Abstract functional diversity is a component of biodiversity that generally concerns the range of things that organisms do in communities and. Jan 23, 2018 of these different aspects, functional diversity can be defined as the value and range of those species and organismal traits that influence ecosystem functioning ref. This study aims to build a typology of functional diversity indices from arti. Changes to biodiversity have mainly been assessed using taxonomic diversity indices. Contrasting responses of functional diversity to major losses. A case application to the study of functional diversity of phellodendron amurense communities in. Critical points in developing predictive measures of functional diversity are the choice of functional traits with which organisms are distinguished, how the diversity of that trait information is summarized into a measure of functional diversity, and that the measures of functional. Anthropogenic activities are increasing nutrient availability and altering precipitation regimes. Taxonomic diversity classifies organisms based on their species identity, whereas functional diversity classifies. The method to calculate pairwise and nearest neigbor measures for functional traits is same as those for phylogenetic diversity. Choosing and using multiple traits in functional diversity.
Habitat loss is the most important threat to species survival, and the efficient selection of priority areas is fundamental for good systematic conservation planning. The effects of oil palm plantations on the functional diversity of. Oct 30, 2011 functional diversity may be summarized using indices based on trait values and species importance in the community, like abundance, cover and biomass. Microbial functional gene diversity predicts groundwater. But there was also evidence that there was subtle variation among very similar grazers. May 16, 2016 for functional gamma diversity b and c, vertical back lines are observed functional diversity, and distributions are the density of functional diversity derived from null model n 0 randomizations of the same species richness as observed communities. Plant functional diversity organism traits, community structure, and ecosystem properties eric garnier, marielaure navas, and karl grigulis. Oct 20, 2014 i manipulated functional diversity of two trophic levels and nine species.
Ecosystem functions across trophic levels are linked to. Functional diversity explained more of the variance in multifunctionality than species and phylogenetic diversity. In our study we closely examine functional diversity indices to clarify their accuracy. Functional diversity encapsulates the cognitive resource diversity theory, which is the idea that diversity of cognitive resources promotes creativity and innovation, problem solving capacity, and organizational flexibility. Species richness has a long love affair with ecologists, going back a century or more. Every organism in an ecosystem, or biome, relies on other organisms and the physical environment. Gaston department of animal and plant sciences, university of shef.
Functional diversity, soil features and community functioning. This is particularly important for grasslands in the mediterranean basin that have evolved in nutrient poor soils, and where more frequent and prolonged droughts are projected to occur. Functional and evolutionary entomology unit, gembloux agro. How do functional diversity and mowing regime of strips affect biological pest control. Reorganization of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic ant. Functional diversity is increasingly pointed as a useful approach to reach biological. Hence, for pollination to be maximized at the landscape level and simultaneously for several crops, the functional diversity of the pollinator community would have to be increased. Here we compare declines in taxonomic and functional diversity in the most dramatic spatial pattern in taxonomic richness today.
Back to basics primary axes of niche differentiation by am fungi 1066 v. Each of the three lines shows a different order of addition removal. Shaded regions indicate 95% of the null distributions. In addition, we have not been able to find any investigations of this relationship for terrestrial animals see the literature summary in electronic supplementary material, table s1. Patterns of functional diversity may reveal species coexistence processes and assembly rules driven by functional traits mason et al.
Evaluating and mapping variation of functional diversity indices. Uneven spatial distribution of diversity coupled with limited. Functional diversity is a component of biodiversity that generally concerns the range of things that organisms do in communities and ecosystems. Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across ecosystems and organisms.
As the overall behavior and consistency of functional diversity indices have never been described so far, the novice user risks choosing an inaccurate index or a set of redundant indices to represent functional diversity. Functional identity and diversity of animals predict. Apr 25, 2006 functional diversity is a component of biodiversity that generally concerns the range of things that organisms do in communities and ecosystems. We hypothesized that the functional diversity of groundwater microbiomes would decrease as environmental contamination e.
An index for measuring functional diversity in plant. We used an analysis of variance without replication, since we had only one functional diversity value for each. Quantifying and interpreting functional diversity of natural. Diversity of flower functional traits into a group of species 9 very low low high very high 1 trait colour and 4 species per mix 4 functional diversities example. Aug 19, 2011 biological diversity can be quantified in ways that account for functional and phenotypic differences. Mason, and jan leps1,4 owing to the conceptual complexity of functional diversity fd, a multitude of. Relationships between functional diversity and aboveground. The diversity of coral traits among these dimensions is consistently high along pacific and indian ocean diversity gradients, despite a threefold decline in species richness from approximately 600 to 200 species.
People are also nowadays looking forward for cheap products. An overview of the applicability of functional diversity in. A number of such measures of functional diversity fd have been created, quantifying the distribution of traits in a community or the relative magnitude of species similarities and differences. Amphibio, a global database for amphibian ecological. Quantifying the functional diversity in ecological communities is very promising. Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across. Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical west africa. Still, functional diversity is in need of a consensual definition petchey and gaston, 2006. Functional diversity is an important descriptor of biological communities mason et al.
Ecological investigations are increasingly using functional diversity in order to understand different patterns, such as. The wide variety of functional trait combinations among the worlds coral faunas can be represented by just a few dimensions of variation. Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response. This may lead to critical changes in grasslands functioning. Here we provide an overview of the history and applicability of functional diversity in ecological studies. Speciesrich assemblages of large carnivores simultaneously had high phylogenetic and functional diversity, but species contributions to phylogenetic and functional diversity components were not positively correlated. Functional diversity exhibits a diverse relationship with area, even a decreasing one.
Even though starbucks has its own customer who spends their money to get the quality coffee, it still has to look for the other people who are running to the next store. This biodiversity decline can have radical impacts on humanity by altering ecosystem properties, and the subsequent goods and services provided 2,3. At smaller spatial scales, however, there is more variation in the relationship between species diversity and functional diversity. In short, oil palm plantations reduced functional diversity of birds, although the presence of riparian. In this case, functional diversity will be more important than singletrait values as it provides insurance across varying conditions across space and time. Functional diversity is a politically and socially correct term for special needs, disability, impairment and handicap, which began to be used in spain in scientific writing, at the initiative of those directly affected, in 2005. Owing to the conceptual complexity of functional diversity fd, a multitude of different methods are available for measuring it, with most being operational at only a small range of spatial scales. The effective methods for measuring functional diversity are important in ecological studies. Biogeographical disparity in the functional diversity and. Use of behavioural and lifehistory studies to understand the effects of habitat manipulation. Finally, we suggest areas for development of techniques used to measure functional diversity, highlight some exciting questions that are being addressed using ideas about functional diversity, and suggest some directions for novel research.